How Deepfakes Could Be Used in Psychological Warfare

In the age of rapid digital transformation, few technologies have raised more ethical and strategic alarms than deepfakes. Originally developed as a form of synthetic media that utilizes artificial intelligence to manipulate audio and video content, deepfakes have quickly evolved from novelty tools into sophisticated instruments capable of influencing public perception, political outcomes, and even military strategy. As governments, militaries, and adversarial groups explore new domains of warfare, deepfakes are becoming a potent tool in the arsenal of psychological warfare—a domain where truth is blurred and perception is weaponized.

The Psychology of Deception: Why Deepfakes Work

The effectiveness of deepfakes in psychological warfare stems largely from the human brain’s vulnerability to visual and auditory stimuli. People are hardwired to trust what they see and hear, particularly when content appears to come from authoritative sources. Deepfakes exploit this cognitive bias, making false information appear real and, in turn, shaping emotions, beliefs, and decisions.

In psychological operations (PSYOP), the goal is not always to deliver facts but to control narratives. Deepfakes provide an unprecedented opportunity to fabricate compelling stories by mimicking influential figures, including military leaders, politicians, and journalists. By disseminating these manipulated videos through social media platforms or during critical moments of conflict, adversaries can stoke unrest, erode trust in leadership, and create internal divisions within populations or militaries.

When deployed with precision, deepfakes can have a destabilizing effect, altering public sentiment and even provoking political or military reactions before the truth can be verified. This element of surprise and confusion makes deepfakes a psychological weapon unlike any before.

Strategic Applications in Conflict Zones

In modern conflict zones, information is as valuable as ammunition. Controlling the narrative can often tip the balance of power. Deepfakes, therefore, are emerging as strategic assets for state and non-state actors alike. For example, a deepfake video showing a general surrendering or giving false commands could lead to disarray among troops or demoralization on the battlefield.

Likewise, fake recordings of public figures making inflammatory statements can incite riots or political instability in enemy territory. In hybrid warfare environments—where cyber, informational, and kinetic operations converge—deep fakes serve as tools that blur the line between peace and conflict. They can delay response times, disrupt intelligence operations, and complicate decision-making at the highest levels.

In 2022, a deepfake of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy surfaced, attempting to portray him ordering troops to lay down arms. Although quickly debunked, the incident illustrated the technology’s potential. The deeper concern is that as deepfakes improve in quality and distribution becomes more sophisticated, the window for fact-checking will shrink, and the damage may become irreversible before truth catches up.

National Security Implications

From a national security perspective, deepfakes introduce a formidable threat vector. Intelligence agencies now face the dual challenge of monitoring traditional threats while also assessing digital fabrications that can have real-world consequences. The military, in particular, must contend with the possibility of deepfakes being used to influence troops, manipulate enemy perceptions, or sabotage diplomatic relations.

Moreover, adversaries with fewer resources can still weaponize deepfakes, leveling the playing field in asymmetrical conflicts. These technologies democratize deception, allowing small groups or rogue actors to craft high-impact psychological campaigns. For governments and defense organizations, the challenge is twofold: developing technology to detect deepfakes in real-time and crafting counter-narratives to mitigate their effects.

In Zachary S Novel Above Scorched Skies, the role of manipulated information and AI-driven deception is explored in a futuristic conflict setting. The narrative highlights how technologies like deepfakes could redefine the battlefield—not by who has the most firepower, but by who controls the perception of truth. This reflection of possible near-future scenarios underscores the urgent need for policy frameworks and technological safeguards to protect societies from cognitive attacks.

Civilian Populations as Primary Targets

While deepfakes can be deployed in military contexts, their greatest psychological impact may be felt among civilian populations. Misinformation is not new, but the realism and virality of deepfakes make them particularly dangerous. During crises, such as pandemics, natural disasters, or political uprisings, a single deepfake video can undermine public trust in institutions, incite panic, or polarize communities.

For instance, a deepfake of a public health official issuing false vaccine warnings or lockdown instructions could lead to widespread confusion. Similarly, a fabricated video of a police officer committing a hate crime might spark immediate unrest—even before its authenticity is questioned.

This tactic isn’t purely hypothetical. Disinformation campaigns are already utilizing low-grade synthetic media to sow discord in democratic societies. As deepfake tools become more accessible, even individuals with minimal technical skills can generate high-quality fakes. The psychological toll includes anxiety, distrust, and a sense of helplessness—conditions that can be exploited by adversaries seeking to weaken the social fabric.

Preparing for a Deepfake-Infused Future

Addressing the threat of deepfakes in psychological warfare requires a multi-faceted approach. Technological innovation must be paired with public awareness and regulatory action. AI-based detection systems are already being developed by tech companies and defense contractors, capable of identifying inconsistencies in facial movements, lighting, and voice modulation.

However, detection is only part of the solution. Education and digital literacy are essential tools for building societal resilience. When the public understands that what they see may not always be real, the power of deepfakes diminishes. Additionally, governments must establish protocols for rapid response to disinformation campaigns, including preemptive communication strategies and real-time fact-checking partnerships.

International cooperation will also be vital. Like cyber warfare, deepfake operations can originate from anywhere, targeting anyone. Global treaties or accords—similar to those that govern chemical and nuclear weapons—may eventually be necessary to address the ethical and security challenges posed by synthetic media.

As deepfakes continue to evolve, they will likely play an increasingly central role in psychological warfare. The future battlefield is as much cognitive as it is physical, and mastering the art of perception will become a key determinant of success.